/*!

\page devman_checks Checks: Pre- and Postconditions, Assertions, and Warnings

\author Sven Sch&ouml;nherr (<TT>sven@inf.ethz.ch</TT>)

Much of the \cgal code contains checks.  Some are there to check if
the code behaves correctly, others check if the user calls routines in
an acceptable manner. We describe the different categories of checks
(Section  \ref secchecks_categories), the usage of checks
(Section  \ref secchecks_using), and a more selective means of controlling
checks (Section  \ref secchecks_controlling). Finally, a statement
about exception handling is given
(Section  \ref secexception_handling).

It is forbidden to call `std::abort`, `std::exit`
or `assert` directly from \cgal, as these do not allow the user code to
react after the error (application processes are killed).
Thus, the default behavior of all checks is to throw exceptions for reporting
failures.

\section secchecks_categories Categories of checks 

There are five types of checks.
<UL>
<LI><B>Preconditions</B>
      check if a routine has been called in a proper fashion and the input
      adheres to the specifications given by the author of the function.
      If a precondition fails, it is the responsibility of the caller
      (usually the user of the library) to fix the problem.
<LI><B>Postconditions</B>
      check if a routine does what it promises
      to do.  If a postcondition fails it is the fault of this routine, so
      the author of the code is responsible.
<LI><B>Assertions</B>
      are other checks that do not fit in the above
      two categories, <I>e.g.</I> they can be used to check invariants.
<LI><B>Warnings</B>
      are checks for which it is not so severe if they fail.
<LI><B>Static assertions</B>
      are compile-time assertions, used <I>e.g.</I> to verify the values of compile-time
      constants or compare types for (in)equality.
<LI><B>Destructor assertions</B>
      These are checks which can be made within normal clean up of an object.
      A special macro `CGAL_destructor_assertion` is provided to ensure these
      checks are not made when the object is being cleaned up during exception
      handling.
</UL>

The according macro names all have the format `CGAL_<check_type>` where
`<check_type>` can be one of
<UL>
 <LI>`precondition`
 <LI>`postcondition`
 <LI>`assertion`
 <LI>`warning`
 <LI>`static_assertion`
 <LI>`destructor_assertion`
</UL>

Failures of the first three types are errors and lead to a halt of the
program, failures of the last one only lead to a warning.  Checks of
four categories can be marked with one or both of the following
attributes:
<UL>
<LI><B>Expensive</B>

      checks take considerable time to compute.
      "Considerable" is an imprecise phrase.  Checks that add less than 10
      percent to the execution time of their routine are not expensive.
      Checks that can double the execution time are. Somewhere in between
      lies the border line.
<LI><B>Exactness</B>

      checks rely on exact arithmetic. For example,
      if the intersection of two lines is computed, the postcondition of
      this routine may state that the intersection point lies on both
      lines.  However, if the computation is done with `double`s as
      the number type, this may not be the case, due to roundoff errors.
</UL>
By definition, static assertions are both inexpensive and unaffected by precision
management. Thus, the categories do not apply for static assertions.

The format is one of
<UL>
 <LI>`CGAL_<check_type>`
 <LI>`CGAL_expensive_<check_type>`
 <LI>`CGAL_exactness_<check_type>`
 <LI>`CGAL_expensive_exactness_<check_type>`
</UL>

By default, all standard checks (without any attribute) are enabled,
while expensive and exactness checks are disabled. How this can be
changed and how checks are actually used in the code are described in
the next section.

Additionally, we provide macros `CGAL_error()` and `CGAL_error_msg(MSG_TEXT)`
which are equivalent to always-failing assertions. However,
they cannot be disabled.

\section secchecks_using Using checks 

The checks are implemented as preprocessor macros;

<I>i.e.</I>, `CGAL_<check_type>(<Cond>)` realizes a check of type `<check_type>`
that asserts the condition `<Cond>`. For example,
\code{.cpp}
  CGAL_precondition( first != last);
\endcode
checks the precondition that a given iterator range is not empty. If
the check fails, an error message similar to
\code{.cpp}
  CGAL error: precondition violation!
  Expr: first != last
  File: <file name>
  Line: <source code line>
\endcode
is written to the standard error stream and the program is aborted. If
an additional explanation should be given to the user,
macros `CGAL_<check_type>_msg(<Cond>,<Msg>)` can be used. The text in
`<Msg>` is just appended to the failure message given above.

In case a check is more complicated and the computation does not fit
into a single statement, the additional code can be encapsulated using
`CGAL_<check_type>_code(<Code>)`.  This has the advantage that the
computation is not done if the corresponding category is disabled.  For
an example, suppose an algorithm computes a convex polygon. Thus we
want to check the postcondition that the polygon is indeed convex,
which we consider an expensive check. The code would look like this.
\code{.cpp}
  CGAL_expensive_postcondition_code( bool is_convex; )
  CGAL_expensive_postcondition_code( /* compute convexity */ )
  CGAL_expensive_postcondition_code( /* ... */ )
  CGAL_expensive_postcondition_msg ( is_convex, \
                                     "The computed polygon is NOT convex!" );
\endcode

As already mentioned above, the standard checks are enabled by
default.  This can be changed through the use of compile-time flags.

By setting the flag `CGAL_NO_<CHECK_TYPE>` all checks of type
`<CHECK_TYPE>` are disabled, <I>e.g.</I> adding `-DCGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS`
to the compiler call switches off all checks for static and dynamic assertions.
To disable all checks in the library, the flag `CGAL_NDEBUG` can be set.
Note that the standard flag `NDEBUG` sets `CGAL_NDEBUG`,
but it also affects the `assert` macro.

To enable expensive and exactness checks, respectively, the compile-time
flags `CGAL_CHECK_EXPENSIVE`

and `CGAL_CHECK_EXACTNESS`

have to be supplied. However, exactness checks should only be turned on if
the computation is done with some exact number type.

\section secchecks_controlling Controlling checks at a finer granularity 

The macros and related compile-time flags described so far all operate
on the whole library. Sometimes the user may want to have a more
selective control.  \cgal offers the possibility to turn checks on
and off on a per-package basis. Therefore a package-specific term is
inserted in the macro names directly after the \cgal prefix,
<I>e.g.</I>, `CGAL_kernel_assertion(<Cond>)`. Similarly, the uppercase
term is used for the compile-time flags;
<I>e.g.</I>, `CGAL_KERNEL_NO_WARNINGS` switches off the warnings
in <I>only</I> the kernel. Other packages have their own specific
terms as documented in the corresponding chapters of the
reference manual.

For a new package you will first have to create a suitable header file
with all macro definitions.  This is done with the shell script
<TT>cgal_create_assertions.sh</TT>, to be found in the 
<TT>scripts</TT> directory.

The following command will create a file <TT>optimisation_assertions.h</TT>:

<CENTER>
  <TT>sh cgal_create_assertions.sh optimisation</TT>

</CENTER>

You should place the generated file in the proper directory (and possibly
rename it).  Then you can use the checks in the following fashion.

\code{.cpp}
 #include <CGAL/optimisation\_assertions.h>

 void optimisation\_foo( int i)
 {
   CGAL_optimisation_precondition_msg( i == 42, "Only 42 allowed!");
   // ...
 }
\endcode

The documentation of your new package has to name the term chosen to be
part of the package-specific macros in
order to enable the user to selectively turn off and on the checks of
your package. For example, in the documentation of the optimisation
package you can find a sentence similar to the following.
<BLOCKQUOTE>
  The optimisation code uses the term OPTIMISATION for the checks;
  <I>e.g.</I>, setting the compile time flag
  `CGAL_OPTIMISATION_NO_PRECONDITIONS` switches off precondition
  checking in the optimisation code.
</BLOCKQUOTE>

\section secchecks_cgal_assume Suppress warnings using CGAL_assume.

Moderns compilers, when their optimizers are activated, sometimes emit
warnings about events that may occur. For example:

    warning: array subscript is above array bounds [-Warray-bounds]

or:

    warning: 'res' may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]


Most false positives could be removed if the compiler knew that an integer
variable is within given bounds, or that a Boolean variable is true. If
`CGAL_NDEBUG` is not defined, then a `CGAL_assertion` is enough to instruct
the compiler that a given condition is fulfilled. But, usually when the
compiler optimizers are activated, `CGAL_NDEBUG` is also defined, to speed
up the generated binary code. In that case, `CGAL_assume` can be used.

`CGAL_assume` is identical to `CGAL_assertion` when `CGAL_NDEBUG` is not
defined. But, even if `CGAL_NDEBUG` is defined, its semantic uses
compiler-specific instructions, such as [`__assume` from
MSVC][msvc-assume], or [`__builtin_unreachable`][builtin-unreachable]
recognized by both clang and g++.

[msvc-assume]: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/1b3fsfxw.aspx
[builtin-unreachable]: http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-unreachable

\section secexception_handling Exception handling 

Some parts of the library use exceptions, but there is no general specific
policy concerning exception handling in \cgal.  It is nevertheless good to
target exception safety, as much as possible.  Good references on exception
safety are: Appendix E of \cgalCite{cgal:s-cpl-97} (also available at
<A HREF="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_safe0.html"><TT>http://www.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_safe0.html</TT></A>),
and \cgalCite{cgal:a-esgc-98} (also available at
<A HREF="https://www.boost.org/more/generic_exception_safety.html"><TT>https://www.boost.org/more/generic_exception_safety.html</TT></A>).
Any destructor which might throw an exception, including a destructor which
uses the `CGAL_destructor_assertion` macro, should be marked with the
`CGAL_NOEXCEPT(false)` macro. This macro provides future compatibility with
C++11 and above, which provides the `noexcept` keyword.

\section secchecks_req_and_rec Requirements and recommendations 

Requirements:
<UL>
   <LI>Write pre- and postcondition checkers for your functions wherever
         possible.
   <LI>Use the \cgal preprocessor macros (Sections  \ref secchecks_using 
         and  \ref secchecks_controlling )
         exclusively throughout your code (instead of,
         for example, the `assert` macro or the `std::abort` or
         `std::exit` functions) for all checks
         to assure that all \cgal invariant tests can be handled in a uniform
         way.
</UL>

*/
